30 Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa ye-Linux Yezingxoxo


Uma ususitholile kakade isitifiketi sakho se-Linux futhi ubheke ngabomvu ukuthola umsebenzi we-Linux, kukhokha imali enkulu ukulungiselela inhlolokhono ehlola ulwazi lwakho lwe-ins kanye nokuphuma kwe-Linux.

Kulo mhlahlandlela, sethula kuwe eminye yemibuzo evame ukubuzwa ezingxoxweni nezimpendulo ze-Linux.

Okuqukethwe

1. Yini i-Linux?

I-Linux iwuhlelo lokusebenza lwamahhala nomthombo ovulekile olususelwe ku-UNIX. Ikhishwe okokuqala ngo-1991 yiLinux Torvalds. Inhloso yokuthuthukisa i-Linux bekuwukuhlinzeka ngenye indlela yamahhala nengabizi kakhulu kumasistimu obunikazi afana neWindows ne-macOS.

2. Iyini i-Linux Kernel?

Ibhalwe ngolimi lokuhlela lwe-C, i-Linux kernel iyingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu ye-Linux. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu lesofthiwe elingasebenzisa ihadiwe. Ixhumanisa i-OS kanye ne-hardware engaphansi futhi ivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwakho kokubili.

I-kernel yenza imisebenzi emikhulu elandelayo:

  • Ilawula izisetshenziswa zehadiwe ezingaphansi.
  • Yethula futhi iphathe izinhlelo zokusebenza.
  • Iphatha izinsiza ze-OS ezifaka i-RAM, i-CPU, nokusetshenziswa kwediski.

3. Yini i-GRUB?

I-GRUB (i-Grand Unified Bootloader) iyi-bootloader evela kuphrojekthi ye-GNU. Kuwuhlelo olunesibopho sokuphatha inqubo yokuqalisa. Ngokuyisisekelo, kuthatha i-BIOS ekuqaleni kwesistimu futhi ilayisha i-kernel kumemori eyinhloko. I-kernel bese ilayisha isistimu yokusebenza kanye nezingxenye zayo.

Isikrini se-GRUB splash ngokuvamile yilokho ozokubona esikrinini sakho uma uhlelo luqala. Ibonisa imenyu elula ehlinzeka ngezinketho ezimbalwa zokuqalisa.

4. Yiziphi Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Ze-Linux?

Uhlelo lwe-Linux luqukethe izingxenye ezibalulekile ezilandelayo:

  • I-Kernel – Lena ingxenye ewumnyombo yesistimu ye-Linx elawula izingxenye zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziyisisekelo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingeni le-OS.
  • Shell – Lona umtoliki ohlinzeka ngoxhumano lomugqa womyalo owamukela imiyalo ekhishwe ngekhibhodi bese eyidlulisela ku-OS ukuze isetshenziswe.
  • GUI – Lesi isifinyezo se-Graphical User Interface. Ihlanganisa izingxenye zesithombe abasebenzisi abazuza kuzo ukuze bahlanganyele nesistimu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ideskithophu, amawindi, izithonjana, izinkinobho, amabha omsebenzi, nezigelekeqe.
  • Izinhlelo zohlelo lokusebenza – Lezi izinhlelo zesofthiwe ezifakwe ohlelweni lwe-Linux ezenza imisebenzi ethile. Isibonelo isiphequluli sewebhu seFirefox, isidlali semidiya se-VLC, i-LibreOffice suite, nokunye okuningi.

5. Yini Amagobolondo Asetshenziswa ku-Linux?

Amagobolondo asetshenziswa kakhulu Ku-Linux afaka:

  • bash [Bourne Again Shell] – Leli igobolondo elizenzakalelayo kumasistimu amaningi e-Linux.
  • zsh [Z Shell] - Leli igobolondo elizenzakalelayo ku-Kali Linux naku-macOS. Yakhelwe phezu kwe-bash namaphekhi anezici ezengeziwe ezifana nokulungiswa kwesipelingi, ukusekelwa kwe-plugin, ukwenza ngokwezifiso okungcono, njll.
  • ksh [Korn Shell] – Leli igobolondo lolimi lokuhlela lwezinga eliphezulu.
  • csh [C Shell] - I-syntax yayo iboleka kakhulu olimini lokuhlela lwe-C. Iwusizo kakhulu kunoma ubani onolwazi lokuhlela lwe-C.

6. Yini i-Swap Space ku-Linux?

Isikhala sokushintshanisa sibhekisela esikhaleni ku-hard drive esiyisandiso se-RAM noma inkumbulo yomzimba. Isetshenziswa uhlelo lapho umthamo we-RAM usucishe uphela futhi ungasakwazi ukusekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo. I-Swap space igcina izinhlelo ezengeziwe ezingeke zisacutshungulwa yi-RAM.

7. Ungakubheka Kanjani Ukusetshenziswa Kwenkumbulo ye-Linux?

Okulandelayo eminye yemiyalo ye-Linux esetshenziswa kakhulu ongayisebenzisa ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwememori yohlelo lwakho.

  • mahhala - Bonisa inani lememori yamahhala nesetshenzisiwe ohlelweni.
  • phezulu – Isibonisi esisebenzisa izinqubo ze-Linux nokusetshenziswa.
  • htop – Imonitha yesistimu esebenzisanayo, isibukeli senqubo, kanye nomphathi wenqubo.
  • vmstat – Bonisa izibalo zememori ebonakalayo.

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwememori yesistimu ye-Linux nokusetshenziswa, sebenzisa:

$ free  -m
$ top
$ htop
$ vmstat

8. Ungahlola Kanjani Ukusetshenziswa Kwesikhala Sediski Ye-Linux?

Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala sediski kungabhekwa kusetshenziswa imiyalo ye-df ne-du.

Umyalo we-df (omfishane ku-disk free) usetshenziselwa ukubonisa isamba nesikhala sediski esitholakalayo sezinhlelo zamafayela ohlelweni lwakho. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa nezinketho ze--Th zokubonisa okukhiphayo ngefomethi efundeka umuntu.

$ df -Th

Umyalo we-du (omfushane wokusetshenziswa kwediski) ubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala sefayela kuhla lwemibhalo. Ilandelela isikhala esithathwe amafayela nezinkomba. Njengomyalo we-df, i-du isetshenziswa nenketho ethi -h ukubonisa okukhiphayo ngefomethi efundeka umuntu.

$ du -h

9. Iyini i-Inode ne-PID?

I-inode iyisakhiwo sefayela esigcina imethadatha yamafayela ku-Linux. Imethadatha ihlanganisa usayizi wefayela, izimvume ezidingekayo ukuze ufinyelele ifayela, i-ID yomsebenzisi neqembu, isitembu sesikhathi sokudala, kanye nendlela eya kufayela.

Inombolo ye-inode iyinombolo ehlukile noma inombolo ephelele enikezwa ifayela ngalinye ohlelweni lwe-Linux.

$ ls -li ravi.txt 

1594567 -rwxrwxr-x 1 tecmint tecmint 0 Oct 28 10:58 ravi.txt

1594567 inombolo ye-inode futhi ifulegi le--i libonisa i-inode yefayela le-ravi.txt.

I-PID (I-ID Yenqubo) i-ID eyingqayizivele enikezwa inqubo ngayinye esebenzayo ohlelweni lwe-Linux. Singasebenzisa umyalo we-pidof ukuthola i-ID yenqubo yanoma yiluphi uhlelo olusebenzayo.

$ pidof firefox

40982

10. Ayini amaDaemoni?

Ama-Daemon ayizinqubo zesevisi ezisebenza ngemuva ngaphandle kokusebenzelana komsebenzisi. Bahlinzeka ngokusebenza kwezinye izinqubo futhi baphathe izicelo zezikhathi ezithile futhi bazidlulisele kuzicelo ezifanele zokwenziwa.

11. Yini i-Process States ku-Linux?

Ku-Linux, inqubo iyisibonelo sohlelo olusebenzayo noma isevisi. Kunezifunda ezine zenqubo. Nganoma isiphi isikhathi, inqubo izoba kunoma yisiphi salezi zifundazwe ezilandelayo:

  • Ilungile: Inqubo isivele idaliwe futhi isilungele ukusebenza.
  • Iyasebenza: Inqubo iyaphila noma iyasetshenziswa.
  • Kumisiwe: Inqubo iqedile ukusebenza futhi yanqanyulwa isistimu yokusebenza.
  • Linda: Inqubo ilinde okokufaka komsebenzisi.
  • Zombie: Inqubo inqanyuliwe, kodwa ulwazi lusekhona kuthebula lenqubo.

Ukuhlola isimo senqubo ye-Linux sebenzisa umyalo we-ps njengoba kukhonjisiwe.

$ ps a

Ikholomu ye-STAT ibonisa isimo sokusebenza senqubo.

12. Yini i-GUI?

I-GUI isifinyezo se-Graphical User Interface. Lezi yizici zegraphic zohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Linux oluhlanganisa windows, izithonjana, amamenyu, izinkinobho, amabha omsebenzi, nokunye okuningi.

I-GUI yenza kube lula ukusebenzisana nesistimu futhi ithandwa kakhulu ngabaqalayo noma abaqalayo abangakwazi ukusebenza ku-CLI.

13. Yini i-CLI?

I-CLI isifinyezo se-Command Line Interface. Lesi isixhumi esibonakalayo esivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathayiphe imiyalo kugobolondo elinikezwe itheminali. I-CLI isetshenziswa kakhulu abasebenzisi be-Linux abanolwazi noma abaphathi besistimu nonjiniyela.

I-CLI iyindlela ekhethwayo yokuphatha uhlelo njengoba idla izinsiza zesistimu ezimbalwa, ngokungafani ne-GUI ene-overhead yensiza ephezulu.

14. Iyini I-akhawunti Yomsuka?

Lena i-akhawunti ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-Linux. Ikuvumela ukuthi ulawule ngokugcwele uhlelo lwe-Linux. Ungenza cishe noma yini oyifunayo okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa isistimu, ukufaka nokukhipha amaphakheji esofthiwe, ukudala nokukhipha abasebenzisi, ukumisa izinsizakalo, nokunye okuningi.

Ekusakazweni okuningi kwe-Linux, uzodingeka ukuthi udale i-akhawunti yempande ngesikhathi sokufakwa.

15. Yini i-Open Source Software?

Isici sokuthi isofthiwe ingumthombo ovulekile isho ukuthi ubuka ikhodi yayo yomthombo, uyilungise futhi usabalalise kabusha kwabanye abasebenzisi ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yelayisensi. Abanye abasebenzisi bazobe sebesesimweni sokwenza izinguquko ezengeziwe ezihlanganisa ukulungisa iphutha nokulungisa amaphutha kukhodi yomthombo.

Empeleni, isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile isetshenziswa kabanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela izuzisa wonke umuntu.

16. Iyini i-Linux Directory Commands?

Okulandelayo imiyalo eyinhloko yohla lwemibhalo ye-Linux:

  • pwd - Umyalo ubonisa uhla lwemibhalo olusebenzayo noma indlela yakho yamanje yohla lwemibhalo.
  • ls - Lo myalo ubala okuqukethwe yinkomba.
  • cd – Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usuke kolunye uhla lwemibhalo uye kolunye.
  • mkdir – Umyalo udala uhla lwemibhalo olusha olungenalutho.
  • rmdir – Umyalo ususa noma ususa uhla lwemibhalo olungenalutho.
  • rm - Isusa ifayela elilodwa noma amaningi. Isetshenziswa nge -R inketho ukususa uhla lwemibhalo olungenalutho.

17. Iyini i-Redirection Operator?

Ukuqondisa kabusha kuyinqubo yokuthumela okuphumayo komyalo wokuqala kwelinye ifayela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde isetshenziselwe ukuqondisa okukhiphayo njengokufaka kwenye inqubo.

Ku-Linux, ukuqondisa kabusha kufinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa \>\ (uphawu olukhulu kunophawu) noma \|\ (ipayipi) opharetha othumela okukhiphayo okujwayelekile. womyalo owodwa komunye umyalo njengokufakwa okujwayelekile.

18. Yiziphi Izindlela Ezihlukile Ze-Vim?

Umhleli we-vim unikeza izindlela eziyinhloko ezilandelayo:

  • Imodi evamile/Imodi yomyalo - Lena imodi ezenzakalelayo lapho uvula ifayela elisha noma elikhona kakade. Kule modi, ungasebenzisa imiyalo efana nokuhlehlisa, wenze futhi, futhi unamathisele.
  • Imodi yokufaka – Le modi ikuvumela ukuthi uthayiphe umbhalo.
  • Imodi ebonakalayo - Le modi ikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe umbhalo ukuze ukwazi ukwenza eminye imisebenzi ngawo njengephoyisa, ukusika noma ukunamathisela.

19. Yini isibizo?

Njengoba igama liphakamisa, iziteketiso zifana nezinqamuleli zangokwezifiso ezisetshenziselwa ukumela umyalo (noma isethi yemiyalo) owenziwe noma ngaphandle kwezinketho zangokwezifiso.

$ alias

20. Uzibhala Kanjani Zonke Izinqubo Ezisebenza Ku-Linux?

Ukufaka kuhlu zonke izinqubo ezisebenzayo ohlelweni lwe-Linux, sebenzisa umyalo:

# ps aux

Umyalo ubala zonke izinqubo ezisebenzayo njengamanje, kuhlanganise nezinombolo zabo ze-PID (Process ID).

21. Yini Isixhumanisi Esithambile?

Isixhumanisi esithambile, esaziwa nangokuthi isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso, sifana nesinqamuleli sefayela kusistimu yokusebenza ye-Windows. Iqukethe indlela yefayela hhayi elikuqukethe.

Isixhumanisi esithambile singaxhunyaniswa nefayela noma uhla lwemibhalo. Uma ifayela langempela lisusiwe, isixhumanisi esithambile siyaphuka futhi sibizwa ngokuthi isixhumanisi esilengayo. Nokho, ukususwa kwe-soft ngokwayo akuthinti lutho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izixhumanisi ezithambile zingaxhuma kuwo wonke amasistimu wefayela.

22. Yini Isixhumanisi Esiqinile?

Isixhumanisi esiqinile siyisinqamuleli sefayela esixhumanisa okuqukethwe kwangempela kwefayela, ngokungafani nesixhumanisi esithambile esiqukethe kuphela indlela yefayela. Ilingana nefayela lokuqala futhi yabelana ngenombolo ye-inode efanayo nefayela lokuqala.

Lapho ifayela lomsuka libuyekezwa, okuqukethwe kwesixhumanisi esiqinile nakho kuyabuyekezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isixhumanisi esiqinile sihlala singathinteki ngisho noma ifayela lokuqala lisusiwe.

I-drawback yesixhumanisi esiqinile ukuthi asikwazi ukudalwa kuwo wonke amasistimu wefayela ahlukene.

23. Ayini Amafayela Afihliwe ku-Linux?

Amafayela afihliwe amafayela andulelwa ichashazi noma isikhathi. Ikakhulukazi iqukethe amafayela okulungiselela aphethe idatha ebalulekile noma izilungiselelo. Ukuze ubuke amafayela afihliwe, sebenzisa umyalo we-ls ngenketho ethi -la.

$ ls -la

24. Yiziphi Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezimvume ku-Linux?

Kunezimvume zefayela ezi-3 ezihlukile ku-Linux:

  • Funda (r) – Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafunde amafayela noma benze uhlu lwemibhalo.
  • Bhala (w) – Ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi aguqule noma ahlele amafayela.
  • Yenza (x) - Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise ifayela.

25. Zishintsha Kanjani Izimvume Zefayela noma Uhla lwemibhalo?

Umyalo we-chmod umyalo oshintsha izimvume zefayela noma umkhombandlela.

Ilandela i-syntax ebonisiwe.

# chmod [OPTIONS] [permissions] file

Ngokwesibonelo. Ukuze unikeze izimvume ze-octal 755 (zonke izimvume kumnikazi nokufunda nokubhala izimvume zamalungu eqembu kanye nawo wonke umuntu kuphela) efayeleni elibizwa ngokuthi file1.txt, sebenzisa umyalo.

# chmod 755 file1.txt

26. Yini i-Grep Command?

I-Grep iyithuluzi lomugqa womyalo wokusesha nokuqhathanisa amafayela ombhalo noma imigqa efayeleni lombhalo. Kudingeka izinketho namapharamitha asetshenziselwa ukukhohlisa noma ukuthuthukisa okukhiphayo kosesho.

Kuthatha i-syntax elandelayo:

$ grep [options] pattern [files]

Umyalo olandelayo ubala inani lezenzeko zeyunithi yezinhlamvu ethi ‘Unix’ kufayela1.txt.

$ grep -c "Unix" file1.txt

27. Inqanyulwa Kanjani Inqubo Esebenzayo ku-Linux?

Ukuqeda noma ukubulala inqubo, sebenzisa umyalo wokubulala olandelwa yi-PID yenqubo.

Umyalo we-ps uzokusiza ukuthi ubone i-PID yenqubo.

$ kill PID

Ukuze unqamule inqubo engaphenduli, dlula inketho ethi -9 ebonisiwe

$ kill -9 PID

Ukubulala inqubo ngegama, sebenzisa umyalo we-killall olandelwa igama lenqubo. Isibonelo, ukunqamula inqubo yeFirefox, sebenzisa umyalo:

$ killall firefox

28. Isetshenziswa Kanjani Imiyalo Eminingi kumyalo Owodwa?

Ukuze usebenzise imiyalo eminingi ngokulandelana komunye emyalweni owodwa, ungasebenzisa noma isemi-kholoni ;, i-ampersand ephindwe kabili &&, noma || > izimpawu.

  • X Y – Lokhu kusebenzisa imiyalo ethi X kanye no-Y kungakhathaliseki impumelelo ka-X.
  • X && Y – Lokhu kusebenzisa u-Y uma futhi kuphela uma u-X egijima ngempumelelo.
  • X || Y – Lokhu kusebenzisa okuthi Y uma futhi kuphela uma u-X ehlulekile.

29. Bheka ukuthi Uhlelo Lwe-Linux Selunesikhathi Esingakanani Lusebenza?

Ukuze uqinisekise isikhathi noma ukuthi isistimu inesikhathi esingakanani isebenza, vele usebenzise umyalo wesikhathi sokusebenza njengoba kukhonjisiwe.

$ uptime

12:09:11 up  2:49,  2 users,  load average: 0.62, 0.97, 0.88

30. Ungalubheka Kanjani Ulwazi Lwesistimu ye-Linux?

Ukuhlola ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwesistimu njengegama le-kernel nenguqulo, igama lomethuleli, nesistimu yokusebenza, sebenzisa umyalo we-uname usebenzisa inketho ye--a njengoba kukhonjisiwe.

$ uname -a

Linux tecmint 5.15.0-53-generic #59~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 20 15:10:22 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Kuyavunywa, lolu akulona neze uhlu oluphelele lwayo yonke imibuzo yenhlolokhono okufanele ubhekane nayo egunjini lenhlolokhono. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ubhekane nale mibuzo yenhlolokhono ukuze uhlole ukuqonda kwakho okuyisisekelo kohlelo lwe-Linux. Konke okuhle njengoba ulungiselela inhlolokhono yakho.

Ingabe siphuthelwe yimiphi imibuzo ebalulekile yenhlolokhono ye-Linux? Ucabangani ngale mibuzo? Uma unemibuzo yenhlolokhono yabelana ngayo kumazwana angezansi.