Ungayisebenzisa Kanjani I-cp Command Ngokuphumelelayo ku-Linux [Izibonelo eziyi-14]
Kafushane: Kulo mhlahlandlela okulula ukuwulandela, sizoxoxa ngezibonelo ezisebenzayo zomyalo we-cp. Ngemva kokulandela lo mhlahlandlela, abasebenzisi bazokwazi ukukopisha amafayela nezinkomba kalula ku-Linux besebenzisa isixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo.
Njengabasebenzisi be-Linux, sisebenzisana nokukopisha amafayela nezinkomba. Impela, singasebenzisa imenenja yefayela eyisithombe ukuze senze umsebenzi wokukopisha. Nokho, abasebenzisi abaningi be-Linux bakhetha ukusebenzisa umyalo we-cp ngenxa yobulula bawo nokusebenza okucebile.
Kulo mhlahlandlela olungele abaqalayo, sizofunda ngomyalo we-cp. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, umyalo we-cp usetshenziselwa ukukopisha amafayela nezinkomba endleleni enikeziwe.
Kuwo wonke lo mhlahlandlela, sizoqonda ukusetshenziswa komyalo we-cp sisebenzisa izibonelo ezingokoqobo ezingasetshenziswa usuku nosuku.
Ngakho-ke asiqalise.
I-Cp Command Syntax
I-syntax yomyalo we-cp iyafana neminye imiyalo ye-Linux. Ezingeni eliphezulu, ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili - izinketho nezimpikiswano:
$ cp [OPTIONS] <SOURCE> <DEST>
$ cp [OPTIONS] <SOURCE-1> <SOURCE-2> ... <DIRECTORY>
Ku-syntax engenhla, abakaki abayisikwele ([])
bamelela ama-agumenti ozikhethela kuyilapho abakaki be-angular (<>)
bamele izimpikiswano eziyisibopho.
1. Likopishwa Kanjani Ifayela ku-Linux
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okuyisisekelo komyalo we-cp ukukopisha ifayela kuhla lwemibhalo lwamanje. Isikhathi esiningi abasebenzisi benza lo msebenzi ukuze bathathe ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yokucushwa okubalulekile.
Isibonelo, sivame ukudala ikhophi eyisipele yefayela /etc/ssh/sshd_config ngaphambi kokubuyekeza ukucushwa kwe-SSH.
Ukuze uqonde ukusetshenziswa, masidale ifayela elilula:
$ touch file-1.txt
Okulandelayo, dala ikhophi yefayela usebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
$ cp file-1.txt file-2.txt

2. Bonisa Ukuqhubeka Komyalo Wekhophi
Esibonelweni sangaphambilini, sisebenzise umyalo we-ls ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi umsebenzi wokukopisha ifayela uphumelele noma cha. Nokho, akunangqondo ukusebenzisa umyalo owodwa ukuze nje uqinisekise umphumela wemiyalo edlule.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, singakwazi ukunika amandla imodi ye-verbose sisebenzisa inketho ethi -v
, ehlinzeka ngokuxilongwa kwalo lonke ifayela elicutshunguliwe.
Masenze ikhophi yefayela-1.txt sisebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
$ cp -v file-1.txt file-3.txt

Kokukhiphayo okungenhla, umcibisholo umele ifayela elikopishwayo. I-agumenti eseceleni kwesobunxele yifayela elingumthombo kuyilapho i-agumenti yohlangothi lwesokudla kuyifayela okuyiwa kuyo.
3. Ungakopisha Kanjani Amafayela Amaningi Kuhla Lwemibhalo
Kuze kube manje sisebenze ngefayela elilodwa kanye nohlu lwamanje olusebenzayo kuphela. Nokho, endaweni yokukhiqiza yangempela, kufanele sisebenze nenani elikhulu lamafayela. Esinye sezimo ezivamile zokusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinjalo ukukopisha amafayela amaningi kuhla lwemibhalo olulodwa.
Ngokusobala, singakwazi ukwenza umyalo we-cp izikhathi eziningi ukuwufinyelela, kodwa leyo ngeke kube yindlela ephumelela kakhulu. Ukwenza umsebenzi onjalo ngempumelelo, singasebenzisa enye i-syntax yomyalo we-cp.
Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, dala inkomba entsha enegama elithi dir-1:
$ mkdir dir-1
Manje, ake sikopishe wonke amafayela amathathu kumkhombandlela we-dir-1 sisebenzisa umyalo owodwa:
$ cp -v file-1.txt file-2.txt file-3.txt dir-1

Okukhiphayo ngenhla kubonisa ukuthi wonke amafayela akopishelwe kuhla lwemibhalo lwe-dir-1. Futhi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, ukusebenzisa enye i-syntax uhla lwemibhalo kufanele lube khona kakade futhi kufanele kube ingxabano yokugcina yomyalo.
4. Ungakugwema Kanjani Ukubhala phezu Kwefayela
Ngokuzenzakalelayo, umyalo we-cp uthatha indawo yefayela okuyiwa kulo, okusho ukuthi lizobhala phezu kwefayela uma likhona endaweni enegama elifanayo. Nokho, singakhubaza lokhu kuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo sisebenzisa inketho ethi -n
.
Ukuze uqonde lokhu, ake sizame ukubhala phezu kwefayela elikhona:
$ cp -n -v file-1.txt file-2.txt
Kulesi sibonelo, sisebenzise inketho ye--v
ukukhombisa ukuthi ifayela-2.txt alikabhalwanga ngaphezulu.
5. Ulibhala Kanjani Ifayela Ngokuqinisekisa
Esibonelweni sangaphambilini, sibone indlela yokugwema ukubhalwa ngaphezulu kwefayela okuyiwa kulo. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi sifuna ukubhala phezu kwendawo okuyiwa kuyo yefayela ngendlela ephephile.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, singasebenzisa inketho ethi -i
yomyalo ukwenza umsebenzi wokukopisha uhlanganyele. Le nketho ibonisa umlayezo oyisixwayiso futhi ilinda ukuqinisekiswa komsebenzisi ngaphambi kokubhala phezu kwefayela.
Ukubonisa lokhu, ake sizame ukubhala phezu kwefayela elikhona:
$ cp -i file-1.txt file-2.txt
cp: overwrite 'file-2.txt'?
Njengoba sibona, umyalo ulinde ukuqinisekiswa. Njengeminye imiyalo ye-Linux, singasebenzisa y
ukuze siqhubeke noma n
ukuyekisa ukusebenza.
Lokhu kuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo okungahlangani komyalo we-cp akuphephile kakhulu. Kunamathuba okuthi umsebenzisi angabhala ngaphezulu ukulungiselelwa okubalulekile ngephutha. Ngakho-ke okunye ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux kuphoqelela ukuziphatha okusebenzisanayo ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa umyalo we-alias:
$ alias cp='cp -i'
6. Bhala Phezu Ifayela Kuphela Uma Umthombo Umusha Kakhudlwana
Esibonelweni sangaphambilini, sibone indlela yokusebenzisa imodi yokusebenzisana. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, umsebenzisi angase abhale phezu kwefayela elisha ngokungaqondile.
Ukuze sigweme izimo ezinjalo ezivame ukuba namaphutha, singasebenzisa inketho ethi -u
, ezama ukusebenza kokukopisha kuphela uma umthombo msha kunendawo okuyiwa kuyo noma uma ifayela lingekho endaweni okuyiwa kuyo.
Okokuqala, buyekeza isitembu sesikhathi sefayela elingumthombo:
$ touch -t 10101010 file-1.txt
$ ls -l file-1.txt
Esibonelweni esingenhla, sisebenzise inketho ethi -t
yomyalo wokuthinta ukusetha isitembu sesikhathi sefayela sibe ngu-10-Oct-2010.
Okulandelayo, masibuyekeze isitembu sesikhathi sefayela okuyiwa kuso sibe isikhathi samanje:
$ touch file-2.txt
Manje, ake sizame ukwenza umsebenzi wokukopisha sisebenzisa inketho ethi -u
:
$ cp -u -v file-1.txt file-2.txt
Lapha, singabona ukuthi umsebenzi wokukopisha awukazami ngoba ifayela okuyiwa kulo lilisha kunomthombo.
Okokugcina, asishintshe izimpikiswano zomthombo nendawo futhi senze umsebenzi wokukopisha:
$ cp -u -v file-2.txt file-1.txt
Kokuphumayo okungenhla, singabona ukuthi umsebenzi wokukopisha uyaphumelela ngoba ifayela lomthombo lilisha kunendawo okuyiwa kuyo.

7. Ungawenza Kanjani Ikhophi Yefayela Ngaphambi Kokubhala ngaphezulu
Singayalela umyalo we-cp ukuthi uthathe isipele sefayela okuyiwa kulo ngaphambi kokulibhala phezu kwalo. Ukufeza lokhu singasebenzisa inketho ethi --backup
, eyenza izipele ezizenzakalelayo.
$ cp --backup=numbered -v file-1.txt file-2.txt
Kulesi sibonelo, sisebenzise inqubomgomo yokwenza isipele enenombolo. Le nqubomgomo isebenzisa izinombolo ezikhuphukayo kumagama wefayela eliyisipele.
Ukuze uqonde lokhu, ake sikhiphe umyalo ofanayo izikhathi eziningi futhi sibheke okukhiphayo:
$ cp --backup=numbered -v file-1.txt file-2.txt
$ cp --backup=numbered -v file-1.txt file-2.txt
$ cp --backup=numbered -v file-1.txt file-2.txt

8. Ungaphoqa Kanjani Kopisha Ukuze Ubhale Phezu Ifayela
Ezibonelweni ezimbalwa ezedlule, sibone indlela yokubhala phezu kwefayela ngendlela ephephile. Nokho, kwezinye izimo ezingavamile, imfuneko iwukuba ubhale phezu kwefayela. Nokho, asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi umsebenzi uzophumelela ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Isibonelo, umsebenzi wokukopisha uzohluleka uma ifayela okuyiwa kulo lingenazo izimvume zokubhala. Ake sifanekise lokhu ngesibonelo.
Okokuqala, shintsha izimvume zefayela okuyiwa kulo:
$ chmod 444 file-2.txt
$ ls -l file-2.txt
Manje, ake sizame ukubhala phezu kwefayela le-file-2.txt:
$ cp file-1.txt file-2.txt
Ekuphumeni okungenhla, singabona ukuthi umyalo wehlulekile ngemvume enqatshelwe iphutha.
Ukuze sinqobe lo mkhawulo, singasebenzisa inketho ethi -f
, esusa amafayela okuyiwa kuwo futhi izame umsebenzi wokukopisha uma ifayela okuyiwa kulo lingakwazi ukuvulwa.
Manje, masisebenzise inketho ye--f
ukuze sibhale phezu kwefayela ngamandla:
$ cp -f -v file-1.txt file-2.txt

9. Ulikhipha Kanjani Ifayela Lendawo Ngaphambi Kokukopisha
Esibonelweni sangaphambilini, sibone indlela yokususa ifayela okuyiwa kulo uma kunephutha ngenkathi lisebenza. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi imfuneko iwukukhipha ifayela okuyiwa kulo kuqala bese wenza umsebenzi wokukopisha.
Ukuze sifeze imfuneko enjalo, singasebenzisa inketho ethi --remove-destination
.
$ cp --remove-destination -v file-1.txt file-2.txt

Ekuphumeni okungenhla, singabona ukuthi umyalo we-cp uqala ngokususa ifayela okuyiwa kulo bese wenza umsebenzi wokukopisha.
10. Ulenza Kanjani Ifayela Lesixhumanisi Esiqinile Esikhundleni Sokukopisha
Singakha isixhumanisi esiqinile esikhundleni sokudala ikhophi entsha yefayela elingumthombo. Lolu khetho ludlala indima ebalulekile lapho kukhona ukushoda kwesikhala sediski.
Ngakho-ke, masisebenzise inketho ye--l
ukuze sakhe isixhumanisi esiqinile:
$ cp -l -v file-1.txt file-4.txt
Manje, ake sihlole izinombolo ze-inode zawo womabili amafayela ukuze siqinisekise izixhumanisi eziqinile:
$ ls -i1 file-1.txt file-4.txt

Kokukhiphayo ngenhla, izinombolo ezikukholamu yokuqala zimelela izinombolo ze-inode.
11. Ulenza Kanjani Ifayela Lesixhumanisi Esithambile Esikhundleni Sokukopisha
Ngendlela efanayo, singakha isixhumanisi esithambile esikhundleni sokwenza ikhophi entsha sisebenzisa inketho ye--s
njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi:
$ cp -s -v file-1.txt file-5.txt
Manje, ake siqinisekise ukuthi isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso sidalwe ngendlela efanele:
$ ls -l file-5.txt

Kokuphumayo okungenhla, amakholomu okugcina amelela ukuhlobana kwesixhumanisi okungokomfanekiso.
12. Uzigcina Kanjani Izimfanelo Zefayela Ngenkathi Ukopisha
Kunezimfanelo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nefayela, njengesikhathi salo sokufinyelela, isikhathi sokushintsha, izimvume, njll. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, lezi zibaluli azilondolozwa ngenkathi kukopishwa ifayela. Ukukhipha lokhu kuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo singasebenzisa inketho ethi -p
.
Ukuze uqonde lokhu, qala, buyekeza isitembu sesikhathi sefayela-1.txt:
$ touch -t 10101010 file-1.txt
Manje, masidale ikhophi yaleli fayela ngokugcina zonke izici zalo:
$ cp -p -v file-1.txt file-6.txt
Ekugcineni, qinisekisa isitembu sesikhathi sefayela-6.txt:
$ ls -l file-6.txt

13. Uwenza Kanjani Umsebenzi Wokukopisha Ngokuphindaphindiwe
Kuze kube manje sibonile indlela yokukopisha ifayela elilodwa. Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini eziningi kufanele sikopishe wonke amafayela nezikhombisi-ndlela ezingaphansi zohla lwemibhalo oluthile.
Ezimweni ezinjalo, singasebenzisa imodi yokuphindaphinda ngokusebenzisa inketho ethi -r
noma -R
.
Ngakho-ke, ake sakhe uhla lwemibhalo bese sengeza amafayela ambalwa neziqondiso ezingaphansi kwalo:
$ mkdir -p dir-1/dir-2
$ touch dir-1/file-1.txt dir-1/dir-2/file-2.txt
Okulandelayo, qinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sohla lwemibhalo sidalwe ngendlela efanele:
$ tree dir-1
Manje, ake sikopishe umkhombandlela we-dir-1 ngokuphindaphindiwe sisebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:
$ cp -r -v dir-1 dir-3
Ekugcineni, qinisekisa ukuthi wonke amafayela neziqondiso ezingaphansi zikopishwe ngempumelelo:
$ tree dir-3

14. Ungakopisha Kanjani Izinkomba Eziningi
Ngokufanayo namafayela, singakopisha izinkomba eziningi ngokuphindaphinda sisebenzisa umyalo owodwa. Nokho, ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu inkomba yendawo kufanele ibe khona kakade futhi kufanele kube impikiswano yokugcina emyalweni. Ake sikuqonde lokhu ngesibonelo.
Okokuqala, dala uhla lwemibhalo olusha:
$ mkdir dir-4
Manje, ake sikopishe izinkomba ze-dir-1 ne-dir-3 kumkhombandlela we-dir-4 sisebenzisa umyalo ongezansi:
$ cp -r -v dir-1 dir-3 dir-4
Ngendlela efanayo, singasebenzisa inketho ethi -t
yomyalo ukuze sithole umphumela ofanayo. Le nketho isivumela ukuthi sicacise inkomba yendawo okuyiwa kuyo. Ngakho-ke singayisebenzisa njengengxabano yokuqala futhi:
$ cp -t dir-4 -r -v dir-1 dir-3

Kulesi sihloko, sixoxe ngendlela yokukopisha amafayela nezinkomba usebenzisa umyalo we-cp. Abaqalayo bangabhekisela kulezi zibonelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngenkathi besebenza nezinhlelo ze-Linux.
Ungase futhi uthande:
- Inqubekelaphambili – Bonisa Amaphesenti Edatha Ekopishiwe Yemiyalo (cp, mv, dd, tar)
- Qapha ukuqhubeka kwe (Kopisha/Isipele/Cindezela) Idatha usebenzisa ‘i-pv’ Command
- I-Advanced Copy Command – Ibonisa Ibha Yenqubekela-phambili Ngenkathi Ikopisha Amafayela/Amafolda Amakhulu ku-Linux
Ingabe uyasazi esinye isibonelo esihle kakhulu somyalo we-cp ku-Linux? Sazise imibono yakho kumazwana angezansi.